PEP 498 Literal String Interpolation (f"..." 이거) !s, !r, and !a are redundant !r - repr 호출 !s - str 호출 !a - ascii 호출 Example >>> a = 'some string' >>> f'{a!r}' "'some string'" Is identical to: >>> f'{repr(a)}' "'some string'" See also python Favorite site PEP 498 – Literal String Interpolation | peps.python.org